Complex systems

Эффективный коктейль витаминов и экстрактов! Можно использовать как базу под любой лак, предотвращает расслаивание ногтей, увлажняет и укрепляет ногтевую пластину, придает ногтям глянцевый блеск. Средство обеспечивает уход за ногтями, формирует ровные, прочные и здоровые ногти. Всё в одном флаконе: база, укрепитель и верхнее покрытие.

Лосьон для завершения очищения, смягчения и тонизирования кожи. Обладает свойствами безопасного поверхностного пилинга.

Действие: Поверхностный пилинг и отшелушивание роговых чешуек. Стимуляция обновления клеток.

Смягчение, увлажнение и тонизирование кожи. При регулярном применении - выравнивание поверхности кожи.

Уменьшает отеки и круги вокруг глаз. Активные компоненты: Комплекс фруктовых кислот (молочная, гликолевая, лимонная, маликовая, тартаровая).

Экстракт инжира (фигового дерева) содержит витамины А, В1, В2, В6, С, РР, комплекс микроэлементов (К, Са, Р, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn), органические кислоты, дубильные вещества, богат сахарами и пектинами. Оказывает увлажняющее действие, способствует регенерации кожи.

Экстракт персика богат витаминами А, С, РР, минералами и ненасыщенными жирными кислотами. Смягчает, увлажняет и восстанавливает кожу.

Экстракт мимозы успокаивает, смягчает и улучшает структуру кожи, стимулирует обновление клеток, ускоряет регенерацию. Способ применения: Использовать утром и вечером после очищения лица мылом или гелем по типу кожи, протирая ватным диском, смоченным лосьоном, все лицо, веки и шею.

Нежный нежирный выравнивающий и отбеливающий крем для рук и тела. Действие: Увлажняет кожу рук и тела, смягчает огрубевшие участки.

Разглаживает кожу, выравнивает рельеф и цвет. Осветляет пигментные и застойные пятна.

Активные компоненты: Фруктовые кислоты (молочная, гликолевая, лимонная, яблочная, винная) способствуют отшелушиванию мертвых клеток, устранению гиперкератоза, выравниванию цвета и поверхности кожи. Гидролизованный казеин (компонент молочной сыворотки) великолепно увлажняет, питает, смягчает и разглаживает кожу, повышает ее упругость и эластичность, активизирует репаративные процессы, омолаживает кожу.

Способ применения: Наносить крем тонким слоем на все тело после любой водной процедуры. На огрубевшие участки (локти, колени) - несколько раз в день.

Очищающее средство подходит для кожи лица любого типа. Активные компоненты, входящие в его состав очищают кожу от любых загрязнений: пыли, остатков косметики, кожного сала,& накопившегося в течение дня в порах. Средство выравнивает текстуру кожного покрова, устраняет гиперкератоз, интенсивно размягчает роговой слой эпидермиса, сокращает поры, борется& с шелушениями в период неблагоприятных погодных условий, а также после процедур интенсивного отшелушивания.< p> Не обезвоживает, не сушит и не раздражает кожу.< p>

Очиститель для всех типов кожи. Обладает консистенцией жидкой эмульсии.

Не сушит, не раздражает и не обезвоживает кожу. Действие: Деликатное очищение кожи от загрязнений, макияжа и жира.

Устранение гиперкератоза, выравнивание поверхности кожи. Размягчение рогового слоя, что позволяет очистить кожу от роговых чешуек и снять ощущение стягивания.

Сокращение пор. Уменьшение шелушения кожи при неблагоприятных погодных условиях, после отшелушивающих процедур.

Активные компоненты: Комплекс фруктовых кислот (молочная, гликолевая, лимонная, маликовая, тартаровая) способствует размягчению рогового слоя, отшелушиванию мертвых клеток, устранению гиперкератоза, выравниванию поверхности кожи. Сорбитол способствует увлажнению поверхностных слоев кожи.

Способ применения: Нанести небольшое количество средства сухими руками на сухую кожу лица, включая веки, слегка помассировать и тщательно смыть водой. Использовать 2 раза в день.

Сбалансированный выравнивающий крем для нормальной и комбинированной кожи, а также для жирной кожи с явлениями постакне без воспалений. Обеспечивает защиту от УФО (UVA+UVB).

Содержит UVA/UVB-фильтры (SPF-15). Действие: Увлажнение и восстановление рН-баланса кожи.

Улучшение текстуры и цвета кожи, сокращение пор. Смягчение кожи и разглаживание поверхностных морщин.

Регулирование деятельности сальных желез. Защита кожи от УФО и профилактика гиперпигментаций.

Активные компоненты: Комплекс фруктовых кислот (молочная, гликолевая, лимонная, яблочная, винная). Экстракт инжира (фигового дерева) способствует увлажнению и регенерации кожи.

Гидролизованный казеин (компонент молочной сыворотки) великолепно увлажняет, смягчает и разглаживает кожу, повышает ее упругость и эластичность, активизирует регенерацию кожных покровов. Бензофенон-3 (UVB-фильтр), октилметоксициннамат (UVA-фильтр).

Способ применения: Крем используется утром после очищения лица в качестве увлажнителя, защиты и основы под макияж. Защищает кожу от всех видов УФО, не требует использования дополнительного солнцезащитного крема.

Может использоваться на веках. Объем: 50 мл.

Комбинированный поверхностный пилинг на основе фруктовых кислот. Обеспечивает немедленный результат.

Не сушит и не раздражает кожу. Подходит для всех типов кожи, в т.

ч. при невоспалительных формах акне и себорее.

Концентрация фруктовых кислот - 8%. pH - 3,5-3,8.

Действие: Деликатный поверхностный пилинг, выравнивание поверхности кожи. Уменьшение толщины рогового слоя, обновление эпидермиса.

Очищение и сокращение пор. Выравнивание цвета и текстуры кожи.

Увлажнение эпидермиса, повышение уровня влаги кожи. Разглаживание поверхностных морщин.

Активация микроциркуляции, сосудоукрепляющее действие. Стимуляция синтеза коллагена и эластина.

Подготовка кожи к более глубоким пилингам. Микрошлифовка кожи с явлениями постакне.

Активные компоненты: Комплекс фруктовых кислот (молочная, гликолевая, лимонная, яблочная, винная). L-аскорбиновая кислота обладает антисептическим и противовоспалительным действием.

Стимулирует синтез коллагеновых и эластиновых волокон, улучшает регенерацию тканей, укрепляет стенки сосудов и капилляров, нормализует их проницаемость. Повышает иммунитет и тургор кожи.

Замедляет синтез меланина, обладает отбеливающим и мощным антиоксидантным действием. Салициловая кислота обладает кератолитическим, антисептическим, противовоспалительным действием, стимулирует заживление повреждений кожи.

Экстракт инжира (фигового дерева) оказывает увлажняющее действие, способствует регенерации кожи, ускоряет созревание воспалений и рассасывает инфильтраты. Экстракт папайи содержит папаин - протеолитический фермент, катализирующий гидролиз кератина.

Папаин мягко отшелушивает отмершие клетки, выравнивает рельеф кожи, ускоряет процессы обновления клеток эпидермиса. Он хорошо переносится даже самой чувствительной кожей.

Кроме того, папаин влияет на активность ферментов кожи, регулируя ряд биохимических процессов. Все эти способности папаина делают его важнейшим участником anti-age терапии.

Способ применения: После демакияжа и очищения кожи нанести 8% пилинг на все лицо, включая веки, и шею на 10 мин. Смыть губками с теплой водой.

Процедуру можно проводить не чаще 1 раза в 7-10 дней. Примечание: Пилинг может вызывать небольшое покраснение и легкое жжение, которые не являются проявлением аллергии и полностью проходят на последующих этапах процедуры.

This book is an ideal resource on the subject of systems practice for busy managers whose time is scarce. It provides a rapid introduction to straightforward, yet powerful ideas that enable users to address real world problems. Systems theory and practice is predominantly a framework for thinking about the World, in which holistic views are maintained. In this respect it contrasts with some familiar techniques of management science, in which problem situations are broken down into their constituent parts with resultant loss of coherence.

In the field of aeronautical dynamics, this book offers readers a design tool which enables them to solve the different problems that can occur during the planning stage of a private project. The authors present a system for the modeling, design and calculation of the flying qualities of airplanes and drones, with a complete mathematical model by Matlab/Simulink.

As such, this book may be useful for design engineers as well as for keen airplane amateurs. The authors expound the various phases involved in the design process of an airplane, starting with the formulation of a design tool, under the form of a 0D mathematical model (dimensionless, time dependent), before moving on to explore the behavior of the airplane under certain circumstances and offering insights into the optimization of airplane flying qualities.

As validation of this model, they present a numerical result, drawn from data collected on an existing plane – the Concorde. The dimensional process is then explored and applied to a realistic drone project.

Recommendations on the development of the principal characteristics of the plane (i.e.

mass distribution, air load, wing span) are given. Contents 1.

0D Analytical Modeling of theAirplane Motions. 2.

Design and Optimizationof an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). 3.

Organization of the Auto-Pilot. This book provides a description of the modeling, design, and calculation of the aeronautical qualities of airplanes and drones.

Divided into several parts, this book first summarizes all the necessary theoretical developments about the equations of motions and trajectory calculations of the machine. It then goes on to describe practical building processes and considers piloting methods.

The last part makes a comparison between theoretical calculations and measured recorded data of the real flying machine. Accompanied by a complete mathematical model in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

The design, implementation and validation of avionics and aeronautical systems have become extremely complex tasks due to the increase of functionalities that are deployed in current avionics systems and the need to be able certify them before putting them into production. This book proposes a methodology to enable the rapid prototyping of such a system by considering from the start the certification aspects of the solution produced.

This method takes advantage of the model-based design approaches as well as the use of formal methods for the validation of these systems. Furthermore, the use of automatic software code generation tools using models makes it possible to reduce the development phase as well as the final solution testing.

This book presents, firstly, an overview of the model-based design approaches such as those used in the field of aeronautical software engineering. Secondly, an original methodology that is perfectly adapted to the field of aeronautical embedded systems is introduced.

Finally, the authors illustrate the use of this method using a case study for the design, implementation and testing of a new generation aeronautical router.

Complex systems modeling and simulation approaches are being adopted in a growing number of sectors, including finance, economics, biology, astronomy, and many more. Technologies ranging from distributed computing to specialized hardware are explored and developed to address the computational requirements arising in complex systems simulations.

The aim of this book is to present a representative overview of contemporary large-scale computing technologies in the context of complex systems simulations applications. The intention is to identify new research directions in this field and to provide a communications platform facilitating an exchange of concepts, ideas and needs between the scientists and technologist and complex system modelers.

On the application side, the book focuses on modeling and simulation of natural and man-made complex systems. On the computing technology side, emphasis is placed on the distributed computing approaches, but supercomputing and other novel technologies are also considered.

Explains multi-level models of enterprise systems and covers modeling methodology This book addresses the essential phenomena underlying the overall behaviors of complex systems and enterprises. Understanding these phenomena can enable improving these systems.

These phenomena range from physical, behavioral, and organizational, to economic and social, all of which involve significant human components. Specific phenomena of interest and how they are represented depend on the questions of interest and the relevant domains or contexts.

Modeling and Visualization of Complex Systems and Enterprises examines visualization of phenomena and how understanding the relationships among phenomena can provide the basis for understanding where deeper exploration is warranted. The author also reviews mathematical and computational models, defined very broadly across disciplines, which can enable deeper understanding.

Presents a 10 step methodology for addressing questions associated with the design or operation of complex systems and enterprises Examines six archetypal enterprise problems including two from healthcare, two from urban systems, and one each from financial systems and defense systems Provides an introduction to the nature of complex systems, historical perspectives on complexity and complex adaptive systems, and the evolution of systems practice Modeling and Visualization of Complex Systems and Enterprises is written for graduate students studying systems science and engineering and professionals involved in systems science and engineering, those involved in complex systems such as healthcare delivery, urban systems, sustainable energy, financial systems, and national security.

Presents the origins and evolution of the systems engineering discipline and helps readers gain a personal familiarity with systems engineering experts: their experience, opinions and attitudes in this field This book is based on a qualitative study that includes dozens of in-depth interviews with experts in the systems engineering field. This book is broken into three main parts.

The first part is a general overview of the systems engineering field. The second part discusses the changes the systems engineering discipline has undergone with the analysis as case studies of two significant Israeli defence systems projects: the IAI Lavi project and the Iron Dome project.

The third part of this book contains interviews with renowned experts in the systems engineering field. This part is divided into five sections: systems engineering as the answer to the challenges of a complex technological world – the aerospace industries; the development of systems engineering in the commercial and industrial worlds, and in complex civil systems; the impact of the accelerated development of the computing world on systems engineering processes; systems engineering and the academic world; and systems engineering in the world of training and consulting.

This book presents the main insights derived from the interviews, and an analysis and discussion of the question of the relevance of systems engineering to the management world. Some highlights of this book are that it Integrates the technological aspects with the behavioural aspects of the field Serves managerial needs of engineering and management in general, so managers with no technical background can derive knowledge from this book Provides approaches for seeing beyond technology-understanding the mission Managing and Engineering Complex Technological Systems is a great resource on management for managers as well as systems engineers.

A comprehensive guide to the theory, methodology, and development for modeling systems of systems Modeling and Managing Interdependent Complex Systems of Systems examines the complexity of, and the risk to, emergent interconnected and interdependent complex systems of systems in the natural and the constructed environment, and in its critical infrastructures. For systems modelers, this book focuses on what constitutes complexity and how to understand, model and manage it.

Previous modeling methods for complex systems of systems were aimed at developing theory and methodologies for uncoupling the interdependencies and interconnections that characterize them. In this book, the author extends the above by utilizing public- and private- sector case studies; identifies, explores, and exploits the core of interdependencies; and seeks to understand their essence via the states of the system, and their dominant contributions to the complexity of systems of systems.

The book proposes a reevaluation of fundamental and practical systems engineering and risk analysis concepts on complex systems of systems developed over the past 40 years. This important resource: Updates and streamlines systems engineering theory, methodology, and practice as applied to complex systems of systems Introduces modeling methodology inspired by philosophical and conceptual thinking from the arts and sciences Models the complexity of emergent interdependent and interconnected complex systems of systems by analyzing their shared states, decisions, resources, and decisionmakers Written for systems engineers, industrial engineers, managers, planners, academics and other professionals in engineering systems and the environment,this text is the resource for understanding the fundamental principles of modeling and managing complex systems of systems, and the risk thereto.

Faced with ever-increasing complexity on a daily basis, the decision-makers of today are struggling to find the appropriate models, methods and tools to face the issues arising in complex systems across all levels of global operations. Having, in the past, resorted to outdated approaches which limit problem-solving to linear world views, we must now capitalize on complexities in order to succeed and progress in our society.

This book provides a guide to harnessing the wealth inherent to complex systems. It organizes the transition to complex decision-making in all business spheres while providing many examples in various application domains.

The authors offer fresh developments for understanding and mastering the global “uberization” of the economy, the post-modern management of computer-assisted production and the rise of cognitive robotics science applications.

This book is a general presentation of complex systems, examined from the point of view of management. There is no standard formula to govern such systems, nor to effectively understand and respond to them.

The interdisciplinary theory of self-organization is teeming with examples of living systems that can reorganize at a higher level of complexity when confronted with an external challenge of a certain magnitude. Modern businesses, considered as complex systems, ideally know how to flexibly and resiliently adapt to their environment, and also how to prepare for change via self-organization.

Understanding sources of potential crisis is essential for leaders, though not all crises are necessarily bad news, as creative firms know how to respond to challenges through innovation: new products and markets, organizational learning for collective intelligence, and more.

Fragmentation: Toward Accurate Calculations on Complex Molecular Systems introduces the reader to the broad array of fragmentation and embedding methods that are currently available or under development to facilitate accurate calculations on large, complex systems such as proteins, polymers, liquids and nanoparticles. These methods work by subdividing a system into subunits, called fragments or subsystems or domains. Calculations are performed on each fragment and then the results are combined to predict properties for the whole system. Topics covered include: Fragmentation methods Embedding methods Explicitly correlated local electron correlation methods Fragment molecular orbital method Methods for treating large molecules This book is aimed at academic researchers who are interested in computational chemistry, computational biology, computational materials science and related fields, as well as graduate students in these fields.

Despite of many years of studies, predicting fluid flow, heat, and chemical transport in fractured-porous media remains a challenge for scientists and engineers worldwide. This monograph is the third in a series on the dynamics of fluids and transport in fractured rock published by the American Geophysical Union (Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol.

162, 2005; and Geophysical Monograph, No. 122, 2000).

This monograph is dedicated to the late Dr. Paul Witherspoon for his seminal influence on the development of ideas and methodologies and the birth of contemporary fractured rock hydrogeology, including such fundamental and applied problems as environmental remediation; exploitation of oil, gas, and geothermal resources; disposal of spent nuclear fuel; and geotechnical engineering.

This monograph addresses fundamental and applied scientific questions and is intended to assist scientists and practitioners bridge gaps in the current scientific knowledge in the areas of theoretical fluids dynamics, field measurements, and experiments for different practical applications. Readers of this book will include researchers, engineers, and professionals within academia, Federal agencies, and industry, as well as graduate/undergraduate students involved in theoretical, experimental, and numerical modeling studies of fluid dynamics and reactive chemical transport in the unsaturated and saturated zones, including studies pertaining to petroleum and geothermal reservoirs, environmental management and remediation, mining, gas storage, and radioactive waste isolation in underground repositories.

Volume highlights include discussions of the following: Fundamentals of using a complex systems approach to describe flow and transport in fractured-porous media. Methods of Field Measurements and Experiments Collective behavior and emergent properties of complex fractured rock systems Connection to the surrounding environment Multi-disciplinary research for different applications.

This book provides a comprehensive view of geographical modeling. It first establishes the foundations of geographical modeling, covering such concepts as structure, organization, system, topologies, as well as the concept of time. Next, it tackles the use of computer tools for dynamic model building and presents several models applied to various themes, such as urban growth, natural risks, as well as political themes. Finally, a general model of the geographic agents system (GAS), which can be used as a basis for the construction of a model-building platform for dynamic spatial models is presented.

This book presents results of projects carried out by both scientific and industry researchers into the techniques to help in maintenance, control, supervision and security of systems, taking into account the technical environmental and human factors. This work is supported by the Scientific Group GIS 3SGS.

It is a collaborative work from 13 partners (academic and industrial) who have come together to deal with security problems. The problems and techniques discussed mainly focus on stochastic and dynamic modeling, maintenance, forecasting, diagnosis, reliability, performance, organizational, human and environmental factors, uncertainty and experience feedback.

Part 1. Industrial Issues 1.

Safety and Performance of Electricity Production Facilities, Gilles Deleuze, Jean Primet, Philippe Klein, Carole Duval and Antoine Despujols. 2.

Monitoring of Radioactive Waste Disposal Cells in Deep Geological Formation, Stéphane Buschaert and Sylvie Lesoille. 3.

Towards Fourth-generation Nuclear Reactors, Jean-Philippe Nabot, Olivier Gastaldi, François Baqué, Kévin Paumel and Jean-Philippe Jeannot. Part 2.

Supervison and Modeling of Complex Systems 4. Fault-tolerant Data-fusion Method: Application on Platoon Vehicle Localization, Maan El Badaoui El Najiar, Cherif Smaili, François Charpillet, Denis Pomorski and Mireille Bayart.

5. Damage and Forecast Modeling, Anne Barros, Eric Levrat, Mitra Fouladirad, Khanh Le Son, Thomas Ruin, Benoît Iung, Alexandre Voisin, Maxime Monnin, Antoine Despujols, Emmanuel Rémy and Ludovic Bénétrix.

6. Diagnosis of Systems with Multiple Operating Modes, Taha Boukhobza, Frédéric Hamelin, Benoît Marx, Gilles Mourot, Anca Maria Nagy, José Ragot, Djemal Eddine Chouaib Belkhiat, Kevin Guelton, Dalel Jabri, Noureddine Manamanni, Sinuhé Martinez, Nadhir Messai, Vincent Cocquempot, Assia Hakem, Komi Midzodzi Pekpe, Talel Zouari, Michael Defoort, Mohammed Djemai and Jérémy Van Gorp.

7. Multitask Learning for the Diagnosis of Machine Fleet, Xiyan He, Gilles Mourot, Didier Maquin, José Ragot, Pierre Beauseroy, André Smolarz and Edith Grall-Maës.

8. The APPRODYN Project: Dynamic Reliability Approaches to Modeling Critical Systems, Jean-François Aubry, Genia Babykina, Nicolae Brinzei, Slimane Medjaher, Anne Barros, Christophe Berenguer, Antoine Grall, Yves Langeron, Danh Ngoc Nguyen, Gilles Deleuze, Benoîte De Saporta, François Dufour and Huilong Zhang.

Part 3. Characterizing Background Noise, Identifying Characteristic Signatures in Test Cases and Detecting Noise Reactors 9.

Aims, Context and Type of Signals Studied, François Baqué, Olivier Descombin, Olivier Gastaldi and Yves Vandenboomgaerde. 10.

Detection/Classification of Argon and Water Injections into Sodium into an SG of a Fast Neutron Reactor, Pierre Beauseroy, Edith Grall-Maës and Igor Nikiforov. 11.

A Dynamic Learning-based Approach to the Surveillance and Monitoring of Steam Generators in Prototype Fast Reactors, Laurent Hartert, Moamar Sayed-Mouchaweh and Danielle Nuzillard. 12.

SVM Time-Frequency Classification for the Detection of Injection States, Simon Henrot, El-Hadi Djermoune and David Brie. 13.

Time and Frequency Domain Approaches for the Characterization of Injection States, Jean-Philippe Cassar and Komi Midzodzi Pekpe. Part 4.

Human, Organizational and Environmental Factors in Risk Analysis 14. Risk Analysis and Management in Systems Integrating Technical, Human, Organizational and Environmental Aspects, Geoffrey Fallet-Fidry, Carole Duval, Christophe Simon, Eric Levrat, Philippe Weber and Benoît Iung.

15. Integrating Human and Organizational Factors into the BCD Risk Analysis Model: An Influence Diagram-based approach, Karima Sedki,.

A presentation of real examples of industrial uses for formal methods such as SCADE, the B-Method, ControlBuild, Matelo, etc. in various fields, such as railways, aeronautics, and the automotive industry, the purpose of this book is to present a summary of experience on the use of these “formal methods” (such as proof and model-checking) in industrial examples of complex systems.

It is based on the experience of people who are currently involved in the creation and evaluation of safety critical system software. The involvement of people from within the industry allows us to avoid the usual problems of confidentiality which could arise and thus enables us to supply new useful information (photos, architecture plans, real examples, etc.

).

The emergence of social networks, OpenCourseWare, Massive Open Online Courses, informal remote learning and connectivist approaches to learning has made the analysis and evaluation of Digital Learning Environments more complex. Modeling these complex systems makes it possible to transcribe the phenomena observed and facilitates the study of these processes with the aid of specific tools.

Once this essential step is taken, it then becomes possible to develop plausible scenarios from the observation of emerging phenomena and dominant trends. This book highlights the contribution of complex systems theory in the study of next generation Digital Learning Environments.

It describes a realistic approach and proposes a range of effective management tools to achieve it.

This book presents real-world examples of formal techniques in an industrial context. It covers formal methods such as SCADE and/or the B Method, in various fields such as railways, aeronautics, and the automotive industry.

The purpose of this book is to present a summary of experience on the use of “formal methods” (based on formal techniques such as proof, abstract interpretation and model-checking) in industrial examples of complex systems, based on the experience of people currently involved in the creation and assessment of safety critical system software. The involvement of people from within the industry allows the authors to avoid the usual confidentiality problems which can arise and thus enables them to supply new useful information (photos, architecture plans, real examples, etc.

). The authors cover the following topics: an example of use of SCADE, constraint solving in B, validation of Petri Nets-based automated rail safety, data validation, etc.

With the growing maturity of information and communication technologies, systems have been interconnected within growing networks, yielding new services through a combination of the system functionalities. This leads to an increasing complexity that has to be managed in order to take advantage of these system integrations.

This book provides key answers as to how such systems of systems can be engineered and how their complexity can be mastered. After reviewing some definitions on systems of systems engineering, the book focuses on concrete applications and offers a survey of the activities and techniques that allow engineering of complex systems and systems of systems.

Case studies, ranging from emergency situations such as Hurricane Katrina and its crisis management or a generic scenario of a major traffic accident and its emergency response, to the establishment of a scientific basis in the Antarctic region illustrate key factors of success and traps to avoid in order to cope with such situations.

This series provides the chemical physics field with a forum for critical, authoritative evaluations of advances in every area of the discipline. Volume 145 in the series continues to report recent advances with significant, up-to-date chapters by internationally recognized researchers.

Global climate change is one of the most serious and pressing issues facing our planet. Rather than a “silver bullet” or a single study that solves it, the study of global climate change is like a beach, with each contribution a grain of sand, gathered together as a whole to create a big picture, moving the science forward.

This new groundbreaking study focuses on the adaptation and tolerance of plants and animal life to the harsh conditions brought on by climate change or global warming. Using the papers collected here, scientists can better understand global climate change, its causes, results, and, ultimately, the future of life on our planet.

The first section lays out a methodology and conceptual direction of the work as a whole, covering the modeling, approaches, and the impacts studied throughout the book. The second section focuses on certain hypotheses laid out by the authors regarding how plants and animal life can adapt and survive in extreme environments.

The third section compiles a series of ecological experiments and their conclusions, and a final section is dedicated to previous scientific breakthroughs in this field and the scientists who made them. Whether for the scientist in the field, the student, or as a reference, this groundbreaking new work is a must-have.

Focusing on a small part of the global climate change “beach,” this “grain of sand” is an extremely important contribution to the scientific literature and a step forward in understanding the problems and potentialities of the issue.